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From motor primitives to context-dependent coordination: a system neuroscience approach integrating cognitive; affective; and experiential factors into muscle synergy analysis
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DOI：10.3389/fnsys.2026.1838867.png)
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Abstract
En 中文
Muscle synergies are traditionally viewed as stable; low-dimensional neuromuscular modules reflecting neural constraints. However; growing evidence suggests this mechanistic interpretation is incomplete. We propose a conceptual extension of the framework; arguing that coordination patterns reflected into multichannel EMG are emergent properties of an integrated cognitive–motor system rather than purely motor primitives. We identify three classes of non-motor factors that may shape motor output: (i) Task internalization and learning dynamics: synergy structure evolves with practice and the formation of internal models; (ii) affective and psychological states: emotional conditions (e.g.; stress; anxiety) modulate muscle co-activation and stability; (iii) prior experience and sensorimotor memory: embodied history biases action selection and coordination. Consistent with predictive processing and embodied cognition; we argue these factors are constitutive dimensions of motor control rather than mere noise. This perspective implies that inter-subject variability in synergy structure reflects systematic differences in cognitive; affective; and experiential states. To enhance interpretability; we propose integrating minimal assessments into experimental designs: (i) task strategy evaluation; (ii) affective state characterization via physiological proxies or scales; (iii) documentation of prior motor experience; and (iv) analysis of learning trajectories. This integrative view complements existing models; providing a richer theoretical foundation to interpret variability; adaptability; and individual differences in human motor control.
Keywords:
model
motor control
cognitive
layer
muscle synergies
affective
experiential
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