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From natural to natural–social–traded: Reconfiguring the water cycle in Northwest China’s inland river basins
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DOI:10.1016/j.agwat.2026.110658.png)
Abstract
En 中文
• Population growth and consumption upgrading intensify water stress, with trade emerging as a third driver of the water cycle. • A 60-year warming-humidification trend has fundamentally reshaped the natural water cycle in NW China’s inland river basins. • The growing agriculture-dominated social water cycle (>93% total water use) points to an unsustainable development path. • Cross-region virtual water exports worsen basin-scale water imbalance, signaling the need to tackle virtual water losses.
Keywords:
Natural-social-traded water cycle
Input–output tables
Virtual water trade
Water balance
Inland river basins
Northwest China
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