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From scrap and waste to sustainable uniform and graded magnesium composites: a science of valorizing waste-derived feedstocks
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DOI：10.1016/j.pmatsci.2026.101790.png)
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Abstract
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Magnesium (Mg) alloys are attractive lightweight structural materials for transportation, aerospace, electronics, and energy-efficient engineering because of their low density, high specific strength, castability, and damping capacity. However, their broader use remains constrained by limited wear and corrosion resistance, modest elevated-temperature performance, and the high environmental burden of primary Mg production. Simultaneously, large quantities of industrial, agricultural, food-derived, and consumer wastes continue to accumulate worldwide, creating a strong incentive to convert these residues into functional materials inputs. In this context, waste-reinforced Mg matrix composites have emerged as a promising class of circular lightweight materials. This review critically evaluates uniform and functionally graded Mg composites produced from waste-derived reinforcements and recycled Mg feedstocks. It examines magnesium production, recycling, and waste-generation trends; analyzes major reinforcements such as fly ash, red mud, eggshell, squid quill ash, and waste glass; and assesses the main liquid-state and solid-state processing routes used to incorporate these materials. The review also synthesizes their effects on microstructure, mechanical behavior, wear, corrosion, damping, thermal response, and strengthening mechanisms. Particular attention is given to chip-based graded Mg composites as an advanced form of dual valorization. Overall, this review provides a basis for future development, analysis, and application of sustainable Mg composites.
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