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From spatial mismatch to urban equity: a governance-oriented supply–demand coupling framework for evaluating urban park green space equity in high-density Tianjin
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DOI：10.1080/12265934.2026.2671402.png)
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Abstract
En 中文
Urban park green spaces (UPGS) are essential components of equitable and resilient urban environments, yet high-density cities often experience mismatches between public green space provision and socially differentiated demand. This study develops a governance-oriented supply-demand coupling framework to evaluate UPGS equity in Tianjin’s high-density central districts. By integrating the Criteria Importance Through Intercriteria Correlation (CRITIC) method with the Coupling Coordination Degree Model (CCDM), the framework quantifies multi-dimensional interactions between park supply and residents’ demand. Results reveal a pronounced governance paradox across 63 subdistricts: 69.84% exhibit optimal/good coupling, yet none reach good or optimal coordinated development, and 92.06% fall into supply-deficit categories. Spatially, supply advantages cluster in the southwest, whereas higher composite demand concentrates in northern and eastern corridors, producing widespread high-coupling-low-coordination conditions. These findings indicate that spatial inequity arises not only from constrained service capacity, uneven quality and connectivity, and fragmented implementation under land-scarcity constraints, but also from the decoupling between spatial interaction (proximity) and functional adequacy in meeting vulnerability-weighted demand. The study contributes theoretically by linking spatial-justice principles to a governance-oriented diagnostic-to-translation chain, and methodologically by integrating objective weighting and multi-source data to improve reproducibility in assessing urban green equity. Practically, the results highlight that achieving just and inclusive park provision requires governance innovation rather than spatial expansion alone. Differentiated strategies – including micro-interventions and adaptive land reuse, network-based accessibility repair and quality upgrading, safeguarding rare balanced pockets, and regional-hub activation for cross-boundary benefits – are proposed to support adaptive, justice-oriented green governance in high-density cities of the Global South.
Keywords:
Urban park green space
spatial equity
supply-demand coupling
high-density urban area
governance-oriented planning
coupling coordination degree model
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