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Gated spatial attention for entity linking in visually rich documents
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DOI：10.1016/j.hcc.2026.100396.png)
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Abstract
En 中文
Entity linking in visually rich documents aims to identify semantic relationships between entities (e.g., key–value pairs) by jointly leveraging textual, visual, and spatial information. Despite the success of pre-trained document models such as LayoutLMv3, two challenges remain for relation extraction: (1) spatial position signals injected only at the input embedding layer tend to decay in deeper transformer layers, weakening the model’s ability to capture layout-dependent entity associations; and (2) in long documents, softmax attention distributes weights across many irrelevant tokens, diluting the focus on informative regions. To address these issues, we propose Gated Spatial Attention (GSA), a lightweight, plug-in framework on top of LayoutLMv3 that comprises two complementary modules: Spatial Position Enhancement (SPE), which injects ALiBi-style linear biases into every attention layer with head groups specialized for reading-order, horizontal, vertical, and semantic proximity, and Gated Attention (GA), which applies a per-token scalar gate after the scaled dot-product attention to suppress outputs from irrelevant tokens.Experiments on FUNSD and CORD demonstrate that GSA consistently improves both semantic entity recognition and relation extraction, achieving state-of-the-art results with negligible computational overhead.
Keywords:
Document understanding
Entity linking
Relation extraction
Gated spatial attention
Spatial position encoding
Visually rich documents
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