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Generalized second law and thermodynamical aspects of f(Q,T) gravity
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DOI：10.1016/j.aop.2026.170498.png)
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Abstract
En 中文
Late-time cosmic acceleration has motivated the exploration of various extensions of general relativity, among which f(Q,T) gravity, based on the non-metricity scalar Q and the trace of the energy–momentum tensor T, has gained increasing attention. In this study, we explore the thermodynamic aspects of f(Q,T) gravity by establishing the first law and generalized second law of thermodynamics at the apparent horizon of a flat FLRW universe. By applying the Gibbs relation, we determined the rate of change of the total entropy and assessed the conditions under which the generalized second law remains valid for various choices of f(Q,T). Our analysis focuses on linear, power-law, quadratic trace, exponential, and cross-coupling models, inspired by frameworks such as f(R,T), f(T), and modifications motivated by string theory. Our analysis shows a clear trend that the linear and weakly nonlinear models remain thermodynamically consistent. Strongly nonlinear and interaction-based models both are more sensitive and in need of careful tuning of parameters, otherwise, the generalized second law may fail. This concepts is an important point. Thermodynamics can act as a useful test.
Keywords:
f(Q,T) gravity
thermodynamics
generalized second law
apparent horizon
entropy change
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