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Genome-wide identification and expression profiling of Mapkk genes in Aquatica leii provide insights into their possible roles in development and responses to insecticide and antibiotic stresses
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DOI：10.1186/s12864-026-13258-w.png)
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Abstract
En 中文
Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinases (Mapkks) are pivotal signaling hubs within the evolutionarily conserved Mapk cascade, governing essential processes such as development and stress adaptation in insects. Fireflies, serving as critical ecological indicators, are experiencing global population declines, primarily due to escalating anthropogenic pressures including widespread pesticide and antibiotic pollution. Despite their ecological significance and vulnerability, the molecular defense mechanisms in fireflies, particularly the role of the Mapkk family, remain virtually unexplored. Here, we present the first genome-wide study of Mapkk genes in the aquatic firefly Aquatica leii. We identified four Almapkk genes and revealed their evolutionary conservation and lineage-specific features through phylogenetic and structural analyses. Expression profiling revealed that these genes exhibit stage-specific and sexually dimorphic patterns during development, with a pronounced female-biased expression in adults. Under prolonged exposure to environmental antibiotics (levofloxacin and oxytetracycline), Almapkk7 were consistently suppressed. In contrast, acute insecticide (imidacloprid) stress triggered a biphasic, time-shifted response across the family, characterized by an early suppression phase and a subsequent coordinated transcriptional activation. These findings establish a foundational molecular resource for Mapkks in fireflies and provide a framework for understanding their potential roles in tailoring responses against different classes of environmental threats, offering insights into the adaptive mechanisms of this vulnerable insect group.
Keywords:
Firefly
Oxytetracycline
Levofloxacin
Imidacloprid
Bioinformatics analysis
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