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Geomorphic adjustment and reach-scale sensitivity of the highly braided Kosi River: A dynamic systems approach to resilience-based management
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DOI：10.1016/j.geomorph.2026.110283.png)
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Abstract
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Disturbances to river systems can significantly affect existing river forms and processes. The interpretation of historical analyses of river adjustment, channel migration, and proximity to threshold can be used to develop an approach to understanding the river's natural behaviour and character. This study integrates the Google Earth Engine (GEE) cloud computing platform and a 30-year hydro-morphological dataset (1992-2022) to understand the complex process-form-response relationships of the highly braided Kosi River in India. To identify the highly sensitive reaches, an analytical approach is developed to locate and quantify the spatial patterns of geomorphic disturbance, geomorphic adjustment, and sensitivity in braided river reaches. Normalised Threshold Exceedance (NTE) was combined with form-based metrics, including the Locational Probability Index (LPI) and lateral channel migration rates, to evaluate sensitivity and channel adjustment dynamics. The river reaches have shown high variation in the migration for the period 2002-2012, and high Normalised Threshold Exceedance (=1) for the years 2002, 2004, 2009, and 2010. The findings demonstrate that channel sensitivity in the Kosi River is spatially heterogeneous and temporally scale-dependent, reflecting the interaction between hydrologic forcing and braided morphology. The low (0-1), medium (1-2) and high (> 2) sensitive reaches were identified. Finally, a resilience-based river management method is proposed based on reach state trajectory, change in LPI, threshold exceedance, and in-stream landform arrangement.
Keywords:
Kosi
GEE
LPI
Braided river
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