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Geospatial predictors of vitamin D deficiency across London involve complex interactions between the social and built environment
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DOI：10.1016/j.heliyon.2026.e45161.png)
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Abstract
En 中文
Vitamin D deficiency is a global public health concern, causing musculoskeletal complications and linked with COVID-19, cancer and other morbidities. Global prevalence is high, even in countries with abundant sunshine, suggesting a complex aetiology. Vitamin D deficiency disproportionately impacts people with higher skin melanin content, thus potentially exacerbating health inequalities amongst ethnically minoritised communities. Whilst vitamin D is acquired most efficiently through sunlight, this can be restricted in urban areas with high population and building density. Furthermore, air pollution may interfere with vitamin D synthesis by blocking UVB photons. Given that over 68% of the global population are expected to live in cities by 2050, it is essential to explore environmental barriers and opportunities to prevent vitamin D deficiency.
Keywords:
Vitamin D deficiency
Urban health
Air pollution
Greenspace
UK biobank
Social environment
Built environment
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