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Green synthesis of CuBi2O4 using Illicium verum seeds: application to photocatalyst for dye degradation, detoxification of Cr (VI), eco-toxicological plant assessment, electrochemical detection of dopamine
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DOI：10.1007/s11581-026-07005-0.png)
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Abstract
En 中文
In this study, CuBi2O4 photocatalyst was synthesized using Illicium verum (Star anise) seed powder as a natural biofuel in a green combustion synthesis route. Illicium verum is rich in organic compounds such as flavonoids, lignins, and essential oils, which act as both fuel and reducing agents during combustion. Its use not only eliminates the need for hazardous chemical fuels like glycine or urea but also provides a renewable, non-toxic, and cost-effective alternative, thereby reducing the overall environmental impact of catalyst fabrication. The obtained CuBi2O4 was characterized by XRD, SEM, HRTEM, EDS, XPS, BET, FTIR, and UV-Vis analyses. XRD confirmed the tetragonal phase with an average crystallite size of 19.7 nm, while HRTEM revealed cylindrical rod-like morphology. The catalyst exhibited an indirect band gap of 1.79 to 1.86 eV, suitable for visible-light-driven photocatalysis. Under optimized conditions, the photocatalyst achieved 94% degradation of Rose Bengal dye within 210 min, with comparatively lower efficiencies for Methylene Blue, Rhodamine B, and Methyl Orange. Hydroxyl radical quantification using coumarin confirmed center dot OH as the primary reactive species. Additionally, 66% reduction of Cr(VI) ions was achieved, demonstrating dual treatment potential for dyes and heavy metals. Phytotoxicity assessment using Eleusine coracana seeds indicated a moderate reduction in toxicity after treatment. Furthermore, the CuBi2O4-modified electrode exhibited notable electrochemical dopamine sensing with a detection limit of 0.4 & micro;M, highlighting its multifunctional application potential.
Keywords:
Green combustion synthesis
Illicium verum biofuel
CuBi2O4 NPs
Photodegradation
Phytotoxicity
Cr (VI) reduction
Electrochemical sensing
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