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Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Thymus zygioides Griseb. Var. zygioides: Linking Phytochemical Composition with Functional Properties
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DOI：10.1007/s12668-026-02770-8.png)
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Abstract
En 中文
Green synthesis has emerged as an environmentally friendly and sustainable approach for producing metal nanoparticles; however, the relationship between the phytochemical composition of medicinal plants and the functional performance of the synthesized nanoparticles remains insufficiently understood. In this study, the phytochemical profile of Thymus zygioides Griseb. var. zygioides (TZ) was comprehensively characterized, and, for the first time, its aqueous extract was employed for the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (TZ-AgNPs). The synthesized nanoparticles were systematically characterized using SEM-EDX, TEM, FTIR, XRD, contact angle, surface free energy, dielectric analysis, and thermogravimetric analysis. Morphological characterization confirmed predominantly spherical nanoparticles with an average size of approximately 28.85 nm (SEM) and primary particle sizes ranging from 6.75 to 28.72 nm (TEM). Surface analyses demonstrated enhanced hydrophilicity following nanoparticle formation, with the water contact angle decreasing from 46.55° to 21.13° and the total surface free energy increasing from 59.23 to 71.03 mN/m. Thermal analysis indicated improved stability with a total mass loss of approximately 7.99%. Biological evaluations revealed pronounced antimicrobial activity, particularly against Candida albicans, as well as significant antioxidant potential. Furthermore, TZ-AgNPs exhibited excellent photocatalytic performance, achieving approximately 90% methylene blue degradation within 180 min and following pseudo-first-order kinetics (k = 0.0107 min− 1, R² = 0.927). Dark adsorption studies reached nearly 90% adsorption efficiency within 20 min and were best described by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model (R² = 0.9996). Overall, this study establishes a direct relationship between the phytochemical composition of T. zygioides and the structural, physicochemical, biological, and photocatalytic properties of biogenically synthesized AgNPs, highlighting their potential as sustainable multifunctional nanomaterials for environmental and biomedical applications.
Keywords:
Silver nanoparticle
Thymus zygioides
Green synthesis
Antimicrobial activity
Photocatalytic activity
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