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GreenAuth: Risk-Adaptive Cryptographic Authentication for Scalable and Energy-Efficient 6G-IoT Networks
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DOI：10.1109/tgcn.2026.3719259.png)
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Abstract
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IMT-2030/6G aims for ultra-dense connectivity, making always-on, per-message authentication a scalability and energy bottleneck. Digital signatures offer strong authenticity and non-repudiation but impose high signing and verification costs on battery-powered IoT nodes and edge verifiers, while MACs are much cheaper but their security degrades significantly if symmetric keys are compromised.We propose GreenAuth, a risk-adaptive authentication framework that uses MACs by default and escalates to digital signatures for: 1) application-defined critical messages (fraction <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\phi $ </tex-math></inline-formula>); and 2) a bounded post-alert signing window of duration <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\tau _{w}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> triggered by an anomaly detector. We develop a unified model that captures authentication-related compute energy, communication overhead, and edge verification latency using both M/M/<inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$c$ </tex-math></inline-formula> and deterministic-service (M/D/<inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$c$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) queueing abstractions, and validate it with a reproducible discrete-event simulator at scales up to <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$10{,}000$ </tex-math></inline-formula> devices. Across four hardware profiles—including a post-quantum Dilithium-2 setting—GreenAuth preserves signature protection for all critical traffic while reducing authentication energy to approximately 10% of always-sign, revealing an explicit <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$(\phi,\tau _{w})$ </tex-math></inline-formula> energy–security trade-off surface that supports operator-driven configuration.
Keywords:
6G
Internet of Things
authentication
HMAC
digital signatures
risk-adaptive security
energy efficiency
edge computing
massive machine-type communication
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