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Group-Connected Non-Diagonal RIS: An Energy Efficiency Analysis
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DOI：10.1109/LWC.2025.3585083.png)
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Abstract
En 中文
Beyond diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (BD-RIS) represent a novel advancement in RIS technology by enabling inter-element connections, thereby enhancing beamforming flexibility. Among these designs, non-diagonal RIS structures, where signals impinging on one element can be reflected by another, offer a promising energy-efficient architecture by leveraging low-power switch arrays. To further reduce circuit complexity, group-connected non-diagonal RIS have been proposed, where the M configurable elements are divided into G groups. This letter investigates the energy efficiency of the group-connected non-diagonal RIS architecture. Closed-form expression for its spectral efficiency is derived, and a realistic power consumption model is developed to evaluate its energy efficiency. Additionally, both fully-connected non-diagonal and diagonal RIS configurations are used as benchmarks for comparison. The results show that, under Rayleigh fading scenario, the group-connected design can provide superior enhancement in energy efficiency performance compared to the fully-connected non-diagonal design, while preserving spectral efficiency close to the fully-connected design. Particularly, when G = 32, the group-connected non-diagonal design achieves the same spectral efficiency as the fully-connected design while achieving a remarkable 450% increase in energy efficiency for M = 512 elements.
Keywords:
Energy efficiency
group-connected architecture
non-diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS)
spectral efficiency
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