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Harmful Algal Blooms in Malaysia: Occurrence, Preparedness, Challenges, and Recommendations
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DOI：10.17576/jsm-2026-5503-14.png)
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Abstract
En 中文
Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) pose increasing environmental and economic threats to Malaysia, affecting marine ecosystems, fisheries, and public health. This study reviews HAB occurrences from 2001 to 2024, analyzing species diversity, geographical expansion, and response strategies. Findings show that Pyrodinium bahamense, Alexandrium minutum, and Margalefidinium polykrikoides remain the dominant species, but newly emerging harmful algae, such as Pseudo-nitzschia and Gambierdiscus belizeanus, indicate diversification of HAB species. Reports confirm a rise in HAB frequency, extending beyond previously affected regions like Sabah to Peninsular Malaysia. Malaysia's current HAB early warning system is reactive, relying on time-consuming conventional microscopy and resource-intensive molecular tools. While international advancements include satellite remote sensing, its application in Malaysia is challenged by frequent cloud cover and high costs. To improve, this review highlights the need for rapid, cost-efficient, on-site localized detection technologies like broad detection tools (biosensors). Implementing these methods will enable real-time monitoring and accurate, rapid identification of HAB events, leading to more effective and proactive management. Moreover, strengthening multi-agency collaboration, enforcing stricter pollution controls, and enhancing public awareness programs are crucial for long-term mitigation. These strategies offer a pathway toward a sustainable, technology-driven approach to HAB management in Malaysia.
Keywords:
Algal species diversification
early warning systems
Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs)
Malaysia
mitigation strategies
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