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Healthy and energy-efficient building retrofits: A systematic review of CFD, digital twins, and occupant-centred intelligence

delete2026-08-01
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OA
AI
E
Esmaeel Fatahian
S
Samira Awwal
R
Rakesh Mishra
L
Leigh Fleming
H
Hossein Fatahian *
DOI：10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.115073delete
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Abstract

Abstract

En 中文
• First Systematic review linking retrofits, CFD, Digital Twins, and occupant health. • Energy-only assessments may miss IAQ, overheating, moisture, and exposure risks. • Occupant behaviour affects airflow, pollutant pathways, comfort, and infection risk. • Retrofit Suitability Index balances energy, IAQ, comfort, health, and acceptance.
Keywords:
Building retrofits
Indoor air quality
Thermal comfort
Airborne infection risk
CFD
Digital twins

Journal

Building and Environment cover
Building and Environment
IF:
7.6
Papers:
1.3W
Citations:
6.6W

Organization

U
university of huddersfield
Scholars:
493
Papers: 248
Citations: 0
L
liverpool john moores university
Scholars:
1.0K
Papers: 570
Citations: 1
Cited Papers

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