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Heavy metal adsorption by graphene oxide modified with 5-amino-3(2-thienyl)pyrazole using central composite design/response surface methodology (CCD/RSM)
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DOI：10.1039/D5RA04106F.png)
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Abstract
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In this study; graphene oxide (GO) was chemically functionalized with 5-amino-3(2-thienyl)pyrazole (5-ATP); introducing oxygen-; nitrogen-; and sulfur-containing groups; to enhance adsorption performance and develop a multifunctional adsorbent (5-ATP-GO) for efficient removal of Cd(II); Hg(II); and As(III) from aqueous solutions. The GO and 5-ATP-GO composites were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy; field-emission scanning electron microscopy; thermogravimetric analysis; X-ray diffraction; energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy; Brunauer–Emmett–Teller analysis; Raman spectroscopy; and zeta potential analysis. The performance of 5-ATP-GO for heavy metal removal was evaluated by design of experiment to optimize operational parameters and assess adsorption capacity. Central composite design/response surface methodology analysis was applied for the optimization of adsorbing conditions; (i.e.; pH; initial metal ion concentrations; and adsorbent dosage). Furthermore; analysis of variance revealed that quadratic equations well predicted experimental data with an R2 value of >0.99 and a p-value of <0.05. Experimental optimization variables were a pH of 7.25–8.55; an initial metal ion concentration of 43.45–49.66 mg L−1; and an adsorbent dose of 10–10.50 g L−1. Results showed that most of the adsorption occurred within the first 30 minutes; during which only 0.2 g L−1 of 5-ATP-GO successfully removed 79.8% of Hg(II); 86.5% of Cd(II); and 75.1% of As(III) ions from the solution. These rapid kinetics were further supported by high adsorption capacities of 213.5 mg g−1 for Hg(II); 280.1 mg g−1 for Cd(II); and 450.95 mg g−1 for As(III); underscoring the superior uptake potential of 5-ATP-GO toward toxic metal ions. Furthermore; adsorption kinetics and isotherm studies revealed that the data were well fitted to the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Freundlich isotherm; indicating that the adsorption process follows a heterogeneous chemisorption mechanism. Finally; comparative experiments with pristine GO and other conventional adsorbents confirmed the superior removal efficiency and enhanced performance of the 5-ATP-GO composite.
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