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High-accuracy 3D indoor positioning via OFDM-based VLC using PDoA
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DOI：10.1016/j.phycom.2026.103039.png)
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Abstract
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This paper presents a novel visible light communication (VLC)-based indoor positioning system that integrates orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) with frequency-dependent subcarrier phase estimation to achieve high-precision distance measurement. The proposed approach exploits the phase difference of arrival technique, where the phase slope across OFDM subcarriers is extracted and the inter-LED phase difference is used for three-dimensional (3D) localization. Unlike conventional schemes relying on received signal strength, time of arrival , or angle of arrival , the proposed system derives spatial information directly from the inherent phase continuity of OFDM subcarriers, thus eliminating calibration and synchronization dependencies. The OFDM framing and subcarrier structure are optimized to improve both spectral efficiency and bit-error-rate performance, ensuring robust phase recovery under realistic VLC conditions. Simulation results in a standard indoor environment demonstrate an average 3D localization error of approximately 1.41 cm, which significantly outperforms existing VLC-based positioning schemes. Owing to its scalability, practicality, and cost efficiency, the proposed method offers strong potential for high-precision indoor localization in smart buildings, industrial automation, and healthcare applications.
Keywords:
Visible light communication (VLC)
Indoor positioning
3D localization
Phase-based ranging
Super-resolution positioning
Phase difference of arrival (PDoA)
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2.2
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