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High-sulfur coal-based carbon dots as an electrolyte additive to enhance the performance of aqueous zinc-ion batteries
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DOI：10.1039/D5RA09428C.png)
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Abstract
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Aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIBs) are promising for large-scale energy storage but suffer from zinc anode issues like dendrite growth and side reactions. This study synthesized sulfur-containing carbon dots (S-CDs) from high-sulfur coal via hydrodynamic cavitation. These quasi-spherical S-CDs have abundant surface groups (O–H; CC; C–S) and good aqueous compatibility. As a 0.5 mg mL−1 additive in 2 mol per L ZnSO4 electrolyte; S-CDs weakened Zn2+–water interaction; bound Zn2+ via negative groups; inhibited hydrogen/oxygen evolution and corrosion (corrosion current down to 0.168 mA from 2.3 mA); restricted Zn2+ diffusion; and induced dense (002) plane zinc deposition to suppress dendrites. Electrochemical tests showed Zn‖Zn symmetric batteries with S-CDs had Rct reduced to 200 Ω (from 610 Ω); cycling stably over 1120 h (1 mA cm−2) and 2000 h (5 mA cm−2). Zn‖NH4V4O10 full cells delivered 310.1 mAh g−1 at 3 A g−1 (vs. 250.5 mAh g−1 for pristine electrolyte) and retained 90.3% capacity after 500 cycles (vs. 72.1%). This work enables high-value use of high-sulfur coal and provides a scalable additive to boost AZIBs' practicality in large-scale energy storage.
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