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Horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum L.) bud scales harbor photosynthetically active chloroplasts during their entire life span
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DOI：10.1016/j.jplph.2026.154819.png)
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Abstract
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• Highlights/Conclusions • Horse chestnut bud scales retain functional chloroplasts throughout their life. • Outer scales provide photoprotection; inner scales maintain higher metabolic readiness. • Outer scales dynamically filter light to coordinate dormancy and protection. • Bud scales exhibit measurable, persistent photosynthesis despite low chlorophyll. • Resin on outer scales is rich in methoxylated flavonols like rhamnocitrin.
Keywords:
bud dormancy
cataphylls
chlorophyll
photosynthesis
plastid differentiation
resin
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