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How to establish ecological compensation standards in the rapid urbanized areas? A case study in Zhejiang Province, China
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DOI：10.1016/j.pce.2026.104411.png)
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Abstract
En 中文
Assessing the supply, demand, and flow of ecosystem services (ESs), as well as formulating policies for ecological compensation (EC), is vital for regional sustainable development and environmental justice promotion. This study quantifies the supply and demand for four key ESs and evaluates the supply-demand relationship of ESs in Zhejiang Province, China. It further highlights the characteristics of ecosystem service flows (ESFs) from source areas to sink areas by employing the breakpoint model and field strength model. By integrating the transfer correction coefficient of natural and social factors, this study finally develops a cross regional horizontal ecological compensation model based on ESFs. The results show that: (1) Significant spatial heterogeneity exists in the supply and demand of the four ESs across different regions within Zhejiang Province. The economically developed northeastern region faces a severe shortage in the supply of these ESs. (2) The service flows of the four key ESs generally exhibit a pattern of aggregation, transferring from the southwest toward the northeast. The intensity of ESFs displayed a steady increasing trend from 2000 to 2020. (3) The spatial pattern of EC across municipalities and counties displays pronounced spatial heterogeneity. Regions providing ecological compensation payments are primarily concentrated in cities such as Shaoxing, Hangzhou, and Taizhou, whereas the recipient regions are mainly located in areas like Ningbo. The total financial volume of ecological compensation during the study period reached 63.85 billion RMB. This study provides crucial practical references for optimizing regional EC mechanisms, mitigating environmental inequity, and fostering coordinated socio-economic and ecological development in rapidly urbanizing areas.
Keywords:
Ecosystem services
Ecosystem service flow
Ecological compensation
Field strength model
ESV transfer
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