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Identification of rock failure modes based on waveform characteristics of acoustic emission
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DOI：10.1016/j.jrmge.2026.07.003.png)
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Abstract
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Acoustic emission (AE) waveform parameters are essential for characterizing rock failure modes and mitigating rock engineering hazards. In this study, uniaxial compression and Brazilian splitting tests, coupled with AE monitoring, were conducted on granite, sandstone, and marble specimens. AE signals associated with tensile, mixed-mode, and shear failures were identified using moment tensor inversion. The characteristics of these signal types were systematically investigated in both the time and frequency domains. Moreover, the dominant failure modes at different loading stages were inferred from the extracted temporal and spectral features. The results show that under uniaxial compression, granite and sandstone exhibited a combined tensile-shear failure pattern, whereas marble showed a shear-dominated failure mode. In contrast, tensile failure is the predominant failure mode in the Brazilian splitting tests for three rock types. The ringing counts of tensile, mixed-mode, and shear signals are mainly concentrated at 180-270, 50-150, and 0-100, respectively. Tensile signals exhibited rise times primarily within 0-20 μs, whereas shear signals showed longer rise times, mainly ranging from 30 μs to 50 μs. Shear-related AE signals had the highest energy levels, followed by mixed-mode signals, while tensile failure was associated with the lowest energy. Tensile signals are mainly associated with low dominant frequencies (<200 kHz), whereas shear signals show higher dominant frequencies (>200 kHz). For all specimens, failure evolution generally proceeds from initial tensile damage to mixed-mode cracking and finally to shear-dominated fracturing. Additionally, a methodological framework integrating mechanical responses and AE waveform features was proposed to improve the identification of rock failure modes.
Keywords:
Rock mechanics
Acoustic emission (AE)
Moment tensor inversion
Failure modes
Waveform characteristics
Time-domain parameters
Dominant frequency
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