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Ignition risk and spatiotemporal characterization of high-temperature welding slag in forested environments: A multi-factor experimental and probabilistic modeling study
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DOI：10.1016/j.csite.2026.108395.png)
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Abstract
En 中文
In forested areas, open-flame activities like electric welding frequently cause large-scale fire accidents, leading to substantial losses. To investigate how high-temperature welding slag ignites combustibles under multiple factors and to characterize the basic ignition probability, this study adopted experimental and theoretical methods. For one thing, correlations between welding current (Iws), welding height (Hws), and the number of high-temperature welding slags (Nws), splashing range (Rws), and particle size (Pws) of slag are examined. For another, the temperature field (Tws) distribution under varying Iws and Hws is clarified, and the fire ignition probability (Φig) is quantitatively characterized. Results show that under different Iws and Hws, most intensively splashed high-temperature welding slags exhibits Nws distributed beyond 50 cm, with a maximum Rws of 206 cm, as well as the Tws ranging from 140.8 °C to 844.3 °C. As Iws increases from 80 A to 320 A, the growth rate of Tws within the effective Rws rises from 88.7% to 362.9%, indicating a positive correlation and the linear increase of Iws enhances the heat distribution during welding operations. As Hws increases from 0.2 m to 1.0 m, the temperature attenuation rate of welding slag rises from 22.8% to 68.5%, showing a negative correlation between Hws and Tws within the effective Rws. However, even at Hws of 1.0 m, the majority of Tws remains above 240 °C after air cooling, retaining strong ignition capability for combustibles. Furthermore, by Using the Logistic model, Φig of combustibles ignited by high-temperature welding slag in 600 repeated electric welding operations reaches 20.25%, with a quantitative accuracy of 87.6%, indicating high fire risk under test conditions. Based on the analytic hierarchy process (AHP), comprehensive prevention measures are proposed, including timely removal of combustibles and set up fire protection shield within the effective Rws, real-time cooling of splashed welding slag, and ambient wind speed monitoring. This study provides a theoretical reference for preventing fire accidents induced by electric welding operations in forest areas.
Keywords:
Forest fire
Electric welding operation
High-temperature welding slag
Combustible
Ignition probability
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