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In-situ 4D CT tracking of microstructural evolution in granular materials subjected to freeze-thaw-seepage-mechanical coupling
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DOI：10.1007/s11440-026-03193-1.png)
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Abstract
En 中文
Under seasonal cyclic changes, frozen soil particles experience freeze–thaw-seepage (FTS) processes that alter their internal structure and consequently influence their shear strength. Such variations in shear strength directly affect the stability of engineering structures in permafrost regions. Tracking the microstructural evolution of granular materials during FTS cycles is therefore crucial for risk prediction in these areas. This study introduces an in situ sub-micron CT-triaxial testing system to monitor particle movement and pore transformation during FTS cycles, capturing the development of shear bands during shearing. High-resolution in situ microimaging was applied to visualize the evolution of internal particle and pore structure, as well as fluid movement, during freeze–thaw-seepage-mechanical (FTSM) tests, enabling high-precision characterization of the internal seepage field. By tracking variations in particle diameter and sphericity, this research quantifies how granular evolution under FTS cycling influences material permeability. A pore network model (PNM) was established to analyze the evolution of pore topology and its correlation with macroscopic mechanical strength. Specimens sheared after different numbers of FTS cycles displayed obliquely oriented primary shear bands. The use of in situ CT and internal particle tracking has proven effective in linking microstructural changes to macroscopic material response.
Keywords:
Granular materials
Hydro-thermal-mechanical coupling
In situ CT loading system
KC model
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