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In-situ and Operando Microscopy Studies on Lithium Metal Anodes: A Review
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DOI：10.1039/D5YA00240K.png)
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Abstract
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Lithium metal is regarded as an ultimate anode for rechargeable batteries; ascribed to its extremely high capacity. Its implementation can remarkably boost the energy density of the resultant lithium metal batteries. However; it is very challenging to commercialize lithium metal anodes; primarily due to the intertwined nature of the formation of solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) and the growth of lithium dendrites. To understand these issues and therefore develop technical solutions; various instrumental techniques have been employed. This review highlights the most recent advancements of in-situ and operando microscopy studies that are critical for investigating and addressing the issues related to SEI and lithium dendrites; including optical; electron; and atomic force microscopies. Low magnification in-situ optical microscopy techniques are used to analyze dendrite morphology behaviors; the development of capping layers after cycling; and the impact of various dendrite suppression methods. High magnification in-situ scanning electron microscopy enables more detailed dendrites and interface evolution analysis; revealing complex behavior mechanisms over extended cycling. While in-situ transmission electron microscopy techniques can also investigate dendrite nucleation and morphology; they are particularly valuable in characterizing the SEI layer development at unparalleled spatial resolution. Additionally; in-situ atomic force microscopy contributes valuable information for identifying the SEI layer growth through surface topology and force mapping. Together; these microscopy studies help us advance a better understanding on the underlying mechanisms of the formation of SEI and lithium dendrites. They also are valuable for us to develop solutions for commercializing lithium metal anodes for high-energy lithium metal batteries.
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