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In vitro anticancer and pharmaceutical potential of ethanolic leaf extract of Endostemon viscosus
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DOI：10.1016/j.hermed.2025.101081.png)
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Abstract
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Introduction: Endostemon viscosus (Roth) M. R. Ashby, an endemic member of the Lamiaceae family, is known for its abundance of terpenoids, glycosides, flavonoids, and phenolic compounds. Methods: This study evaluated the phytochemical profile and biological potential of its ethanolic leaf extract. Phytochemical constituents were analysed qualitatively and quantitatively, and compounds were characterised using Gas Chromatography -Mass Spectrometry and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. Antibacterial, antioxidant (DPPH and ABTS), and anti-inflammatory (human red blood cell and albumin denaturation) activities were assessed. Cytotoxicity was tested on A431 (skin cancer) and HEK293 (noncancerous) cell lines using the MTT assay, with apoptosis confirmed by Acridine orange/ethidium bromide staining and DAPI (4 ',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole) staining. Expression of Bax, Bcl-2, and EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor) genes was analysed by RT-qPCR using the 2-Delta Delta CT method. Results: The extract contained phenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, and tannins, with total phenolic (4.59 +/- 0.11 mg GAE/g), tannin (5.96 +/- 0.85 mg GAE/g), and total flavonoid (21.56 +/- 0.43 mg RE/g) content. GC-MS revealed 17 compounds, while FTIR identified alcohols, alkanes, aromatics, alkenes, nitro, methyl, and ester/ether functional groups. The extract showed strong activity against S. aureus (13.33 +/- 0.33 mm) and E. faecalis (12.66 +/- 0.33 mm), potent antioxidant capacity (IC50 = 60 mu g/mL DPPH; 25.5 mu g/mL ABTS), and anti-inflammatory activity (61.2% and 73.5% inhibition at 750 mu g/mL for HRBC and Albumin denaturation assay respectively). Cytotoxicity was selective toward A431 cells (IC50 = 64.36 mu g/mL) with 95% HEK293 cell viability. Upregulation of Bax, Bcl-2, and EGFR genes suggested activation of apoptotic and survival pathways. Conclusion: These results highlight E. viscosus as a promising source of bioactive compounds with anti-skin cancer potential.
Keywords:
Phytochemicals
Antioxidant
Anticancer activity
Cytotoxicity
A431 cell line
Apoptosis
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1.9
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