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Index Modulation for Streaming QR Codes
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AI
DOI：10.1109/ACCESS.2026.3678330.png)
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Abstract
En 中文
In this paper, we present a new streaming quick response (QR) code (SQRC) system which leverages index modulation (IM) for higher throughput and spectral efficiency gains called SQRC-IM. We show that the mask bits, angle of orientation and color inversion of a QR code can be used to carry part of the input data. We hypothesize through numerical analysis that version 1 numeric mode QR codes could achieve bit rate and spectral efficiency improvements of up to 4.88% with SQRC-IM. We then prove through SQRC-IM experiments using a simulated and then real screen-camera communication (SCC) channel that version 1 numeric mode QR codes achieve throughput improvements of 1.47% and 9%, respectively. We discuss performance issues related to the processing times for angle of orientation, color inversion, channel setup and video capturing functions and conclude that IM is a useful technique for throughput and spectral efficiency improvements in SQRC systems; however, performance degradation due to inefficient image processing libraries and hardware limitations need to be addressed in future studies.
Keywords:
Computer vision
image processing
index modulation
optical wireless communication
photonics
QR codes
screen-camera communication
streaming QR codes
visible light communication