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Inflammation-oriented dietary pattern and menopause timing in postmenopausal women: evidence from the Health and Retirement Study
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DOI：10.3389/fnut.2026.1905625.png)
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Abstract
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ObjectiveTo develop an inflammation-oriented dietary pattern among postmenopausal women using data from the Health and Retirement Study; examine its association with inflammatory biomarkers; and secondarily explore menopause timing-related differences in the dietary score.MethodsThis study included 1; 426 postmenopausal women. Natural dietary patterns were identified using principal component analysis based on intake data for 40 food groups from the 2013 Health Care and Nutrition Survey; Subsequently; using log-transformed C-reactive protein; interleukin-6; and soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 as response variables; we employed reduced-rank regression to extract inflammation-oriented dietary patterns and construct standardized scores. Multivariate linear regression was used to analyze the association between dietary scores and inflammatory markers; and to further explore the contribution of menopausal status and food groups.ResultsPrincipal component analysis identified three natural dietary patterns. The reduced-rank regression inflammation-oriented dietary pattern was characterized by higher intakes of processed meat; sugar-sweetened beverages; and refined grains; along with lower intakes of nuts; fish and seafood; fruits; vegetables; and whole grains. Higher reduced-rank regression inflammation-oriented dietary scores were positively correlated with log C-reactive protein; log interleukin-6; and log soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 levels. Exploratory analyses showed that women with premature or early menopause had higher inflammation-oriented dietary scores; accompanied by higher log IL-6 levels; however; the association between the timing of menopause and inflammatory markers was inconsistent; and it did not significantly modify the relationship between dietary scores and inflammatory markers.ConclusionAmong postmenopausal women in the HRS; the reduced-rank regression inflammation-oriented dietary score was associated with multiple inflammatory markers; primarily reflecting a dietary pattern characterized by higher intake of processed/refined foods and lower intake of plant-based foods; fish; and whole grains. Women who experienced earlier menopause may have higher reduced-rank regression inflammation-oriented dietary scores; however; these findings require further validation through longitudinal studies and in external cohorts.
Keywords:
principal component analysis
postmenopausal women
inflammatory biomarkers
reduced rank regression
inflammation-oriented dietary pattern
menopause timing
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