Influenza Attack Rates and Vaccine Effectiveness by Prior-Season Infection and Vaccination: A 17-Season Analysis

2026-07-11

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Naoki Kawai, MD, PhD *

Takuma Bando, MD, PhD

Takashi Kawashima, MD, PhD

Shinro Matsuura, MD, PhD

Tetsunari Maeda, MD

Woon Joo Lee, MD

Shin Nagao, MD

Hareaki Yamamoto, MD

Kazuo Mori, MD

Tokunao Amemiya, MD, PhD

Osame Tanaka, MD

Ken-ichi Doniwa, MD, PhD

Ietaka Satoh, MD

Hideyuki Ikematsu, MD

DOI：10.1093/infdis/jiag352

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Vaccine effectiveness (VE) is commonly interpreted as a measure of protection but may be influenced by differences in baseline risk across populations. The effects of prior-season influenza infection and vaccination on both attack rates (ARs) and VE have not been fully characterized.

Influenza Attack Rates and Vaccine Effectiveness by Prior-Season Infection and Vaccination: A 17-Season Analysis

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