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Interfacial Bonding of Tungsten and 316L Stainless Steel via In-Situ Powder Deposition
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DOI：10.1016/j.mtla.2026.102827.png)
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Abstract
En 中文
Multi-material functionally graded (FGM) structures are commonly classified according to their joining strategies, such as direct joining, gradient path, and intermediate-section methods. However, conventional Powder Bed Fusion-Laser Beam/Metal (PBF-LB/M) systems remain largely restricted to single-material processing, limiting the fabrication of multi-material FGM. To address this limitation, the present work utilizes a customized PBF-LB/M system equipped with an in-situ powder-deposition unit, enabling controlled multi-material delivery in both horizontal and vertical directions to fabricate bimetallic FGM. A physics-based, inherent-strain approach was implemented to model residual stress, strain, and distortion during PBF-LB/M fabrication of W and 316L SS structures for different deposition sequences along the build direction. Comprehensive microstructural and mechanical characterization of the W–316L SS interface is performed, including phase and elemental analysis, microhardness mapping, and nanoindentation supported by a hardness-based regression model to estimate interfacial strength. This combined experimental and simulation approach enabled the study of the influence of deposition sequence and volumetric energy density on interfacial integrity and mechanical response. The outcomes of this study provide fundamental insights and a framework for the future design of functionally graded transition architectures of W and 316L SS using PBF-LB/M.
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