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Interphase engineering of oil-shale-derived fillers in polypropylene: silane-mediated tuning of mechanical performance, toughness, and moisture resistance
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DOI：10.1080/09276440.2026.2639446.png)
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Abstract
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Polypropylene (PP) composites were prepared at a fixed total filler loading of 10 wt% using oil shale (OS), oil shale ash (OSA), and a hybrid OS/OSA blend, with and without silane coupling, to quantify how interphase engineering tunes mechanical performance, moisture uptake, and thermal behavior. Relative to neat PP (tensile strength 34 +/- 1 MPa; tensile modulus 1.50 +/- 0.05 GPa; flexural modulus 1.70 +/- 0.06 GPa), silane-coupled mineral systems substantially increased stiffness, reaching tensile moduli of 2.20-2.30 GPa (+47-53%) and flexural moduli of 2.35-2.45 GPa (+38-44%), while maintaining tensile strength at similar to 34-35 MPa. The coupled hybrid formulation (C-7.5/2.5, OS/OSA) delivered a balanced response (tensile modulus 2.25 +/- 0.07 GPa; flexural modulus 2.40 +/- 0.08 GPa; un-notched impact 310 +/- 25 J.m(-1)) together with reduced water uptake and delayed saturation. Thermal analysis indicated modest increases in melting/crystallization temperatures and crystallinity (Xc from 46.5% for neat PP to 51.8% for C-7.5/2.5), and the OSA-rich coupled system exhibited the highest thermal stability (T5% up to 372.3 degrees C; T50% up to 450.2 degrees C). Overall, silane-mediated interphase engineering enables OS/OSA-filled PP composites with an improved stiffness - durability balance for moisture-exposed, semi-structural applications. [GRAPHICS]
Keywords:
Polypropylene composites
oil shale fillers
oil shale ash
silane coupling
mechanical properties
water absorption
DSC
TGA
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