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Intervalmapping and QR code based multi-stage reversible watermarking scheme for vector map distribution and source tracing
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AI
DOI：10.1016/j.jisa.2025.104303.png)
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Abstract
En 中文
Digital watermarking is crucial for vector map safeguard, yet current applications focus on watermark response mechanisms targeted at thieves and unauthorized users, existing studies presume data protection in the context of harmful propagation and unlawful use, while ignoring the responsibility tracing of data distributors. To address this issue, this study designs a secure distribution scheme of vector maps using QR codes and a reversible watermarking algorithm to trace and identify both distributor and propagation paths. During watermark encoding, QR codes carry watermark information, recording distributor and recipient details at each distribution stage. By leveraging the high payload capacity and error-correction capability of QR codes, the data distribution path is effectively recorded. With each data distribution, watermark extraction and re-embedding are executed. In terms of algorithm design, a reversible watermarking algorithm based on interval mapping is designed based on quantitative index modulation. The algorithm defines sub-intervals according to embedding strength, modulates coordinate points using grouped watermark information, and uses the average coordinates of all vertices as a key for watermark extraction and data recovery. The experimental results show that the proposed scheme can successfully extract the QR codes and recover the embedded information even after ten consecutive cycles of embedding and extraction. This is achieved while maintaining high robustness and controlled perturbations, even when the scheme undergoes to strong geometric and vertex-editing attacks like rotation, vertex deletion, and cropping.
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