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Investigating peristaltic motion of ternary nanofluids using cubic regression with couple stress and Darcy-Forchheimer influence
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DOI：10.1016/j.jppr.2026.02.004.png)
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Abstract
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This study investigates the peristaltic motion of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) couple-stress ternary nanofluids through an inclined asymmetric porous channel under the influence of Darcy-Forchheimer drag. Two blood-based ternary nanofluid formulations are considered: T1 (Ag+TiO2+Cu) and T2 (Au+Fe3O4+multi-walled carbon nanotube, MWCNT). Two ternary nanofluid combinations (Ag+TiO2+Cu and (Au+Fe3O4+multi-walled carbon nanotube, MWCNT) were selected to compare metallic-oxide blends with hybrid magnetic-carbon structures, enabling assessment of their distinct thermal and rheological advantages. The governing equations of momentum, energy, and concentration are developed under the long wavelength and low Reynolds number assumptions and transformed into a dimensionless form. The effects of couple stress, magnetic field, porosity, heat generation, and chemical reaction are examined using a shooting technique coupled with the classical fourth-order Runge-Kutta (RK-4) method. Results show that the magnetic field and Forchheimer effects increase flow resistance, while higher Darcy numbers enhance velocity and thermal performance. Ternary nanofluid-2 exhibits superior thermal and mass transfer rates due to the synergistic influence of Au, Fe3O4, and MWCNT nanoparticles, which offer higher conductivity and lower interfacial resistance. The outcomes provide physical insights relevant to biomedical pumping, targeted drug transport, and thermal regulation in microfluidic devices. A cubic regression model is used because it captures nonlinear interactions among magnetic, porous, and couple-stress parameters more accurately than linear or quadratic models, enabling reliable prediction of complex peristaltic flow behavior.
Keywords:
Peristaltic transport
Ternary nanofluid
Darcy-Forchheimer flow
Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD)
Trapping phenomenon
Asymmetric channel
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