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Investigation of luminance influence on driver risk perception according to visual time-to-collision
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DOI：10.1016/j.trf.2026.103597.png)
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Abstract
En 中文
Risk perception plays a crucial role for drivers in the observation, analysis, and prediction of traffic accidents. Research on risk perception continues to focus on optimal visual conditions, although drivers rely on limited visual input in real-world scenarios. This study addresses this gap by analyzing the influence of degradation in luminance on risk perception. A perceptual bias analysis method based on visual time-to-collision (TTC) is proposed to assess the luminance influence. Twenty-two participants performed a collision prediction task in which the approaching stimulus was occluded after a period of visible motion under varying luminance conditions. A multiple regression modeling approach was employed to examine the effect of luminance variations on the accuracy of estimated TTC. Statistical analysis indicates that decreasing luminance significantly induces the overestimation of TTC by an average of 79.64 ms compared with the constant luminance condition. This overestimation is particularly enhanced in higher velocity conditions. Longer occlusion duration statistically significantly increased the overestimation of TTC, with an average increase of 0.17 ms in estimated TTC for each millisecond of occlusion. However, the mixed-effects model revealed that the magnitude of this effect varied significantly across individuals, indicating substantial inter-individual differences in risk perception. These findings provide quantitative analysis that luminance degradation impairs the ability to estimate TTC. The results may be helpful to develop safety guidelines at tunnel entrances and exits that account for visual limitations and individual perceptual differences, improving driving safety under limited visibility conditions.
Keywords:
Collision prediction
Luminance
Time-to-collision
Risk perception
Velocity
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