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Ion Acoustic Solitons and Shock Waves in Magnetized Viscous Plasmas with Electrons Following the Cairns-Tsallis-Gurevich Distribution
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DOI：10.1007/s13538-026-02059-x.png)
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Abstract
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This study investigates the effect of the generalized Cairns-Gurevich distribution within the framework of nonextensive Tsallis statistics on the features of ion acoustic solitary waves (IASWs) and shock waves (IAShWs) in a viscous and magnetized plasma. The electron density is derived from a distribution function accounting for both free and trapped electrons. The obtained results show that the main characteristics of IASWs and IAShWs, as well as the associated electric field, are strongly influenced by the generalized Tsallis-Cairns-Gurevich distribution, characterized by the parameters q and alpha. The study also highlights the impact of other key parameters, including the obliquity (theta) and the external magnetic field strength (B-0 or ohm(c)), as well as the kinematic viscosity of the fluid ions (eta(0)), on the dynamics of these nonlinear structures. The present investigation is relevant to the Earth's magnetosphere and ionosphere, where magnetized plasmas with non-Maxwellian electron populations are commonly observed. Satellite measurements have revealed ion acoustic soliton structures and shock waves propagating along and obliquely to the geomagnetic field. By incorporating the Cairns-Tsallis-Gurevich electron distribution together with ion viscosity and magnetic field effects, this study provides a realistic framework for interpreting these nonlinear electrostatic structures and their role in energy transport and dissipation.
Keywords:
Ion acoustic solitons
Shock waves
Cairns-Tsallis-Gurevich distribution
Trapped electrons
Non-Maxwellian plasmas
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