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Is energy poverty characterized by a gender and migration bias? Microdata evidence from the Netherlands
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DOI:10.1016/j.erss.2025.104502.png)
Abstract
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• We analyze energy poverty biases using administrative microdata for 88 % of Dutch households. • Apparent gender and migration biases in energy poverty are largely income-driven. • Social housing mitigates energy poverty risks for women and migrant households. • Effective policy must address structural income and housing inequalities.
Keywords:
Energy poverty
Gender
Migration
Intersectionality
Inequality
Housing
Microdata
Netherlands
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