Is urban micro-watershed driven organophosphate flame retardants threatening major tropical river basin? First sediment–water exchange evidence from India

2026-08-10

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K. Ronnie Rex

Ishan Singh

Gajanan S. Kanade

Asirvatham Ramesh Kumar *

DOI：10.1016/j.envres.2026.125440

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• First baseline report on OPFRs in Indian river water–sediment systems • High OPFR levels within Urban upstream of both water–sediment • LogKOC and ff indicates potential sediment saturation and diffusive re-release • Dominant sources: Urban runoff, wastewater discharge, industrial and plastic waste • High ecological risk (RQ >1) for TPhP in water

Is urban micro-watershed driven organophosphate flame retardants threatening major tropical river basin? First sediment–water exchange evidence from India

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