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Key Contributors to Top-Elite Swimming Performance: Differences Between Junior and Adult Female Freestyle Swimmers
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DOI：10.1123/ijspp.2025-0513.png)
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Abstract
En 中文
Purpose: To investigate contributions of start, turn, and clean-swimming performance on total race time in top-elite junior and adult female swimmers. Methods: A total of 681 long-course races from European junior and adult championships (50-1500 m including heats, semifinals, and finals) were video-analyzed. Results: Start, turn, and clean-swimming performances showed a nonlinear development across race distances in both junior and adult swimmers. Start times progressively increased from 50 to 400 m and plateaued at 800 m. Turn times increased and clean-swimming speed decreased from 50 to 200 m and plateaued at 400 m. Cleanswimming speed showed the largest contribution to total race time. Start performance contributed most to sprint races, and the contribution of turn performance resembled an inverted U-shape, with highest contributions to 200-and 400-m races. Adult swimmers showed significantly faster start times over 50-(6.03%) to 200-m races (5.86%). Age-group differences in turn times were significant for 100 (4.92%) and 200 m (6.49%) but gradually declined over longer race distances. Clean-swimming speeds differed most over 50-(3.17%) and 100-m races (1.71%), with consistent but small differences for longer race distances (1.23%- 1.34%). Percentile-based reference values were incorporated into a software-based tool that predicts and modulates total race time according to changes in start, turn, and clean-swimming performance. Conclusions: The present findings help coaches identify individual swimmers' strengths and weaknesses and translate performance analysis data into targeted training and race strategies.
Keywords:
benchmarks
competitive swimming
female junior athlete
performance analysis
talent
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