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Kinetic matching and mineral reinforcement enable efficient CANDAN under low-substrate and low-temperature conditions
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DOI：10.1016/j.jwpe.2026.110680.png)
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Abstract
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• Efficient CANDAN is achieved at NH4+–N and NO3−–N of about 30 mg/L • COD/NO3−–N regulation improved nitrite turnover and ammonium removal. • Stable CANDAN performance is maintained at low temperature of 14–15 °C • Slight pH increase induces Ca–P-associated mineral reinforcement of sludge granules • Mineral reinforcement improves sludge stability under low-temperature stress
Keywords:
CANDAN process
Anammox
Denitratation
Granular sludge
Low-substrate
Low temperature
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6.7
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1.0W
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3.3W
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