KING: An efficient optimization approach

doi:10.1016/j.neucom.2025.131645

KING: An efficient optimization approach

2025-09-25

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DOI：10.1016/j.neucom.2025.131645

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• The Three Kingdoms Optimization Algorithm (KING), a novel metaheuristic inspired by Three Kingdoms historical dynamics. • A reinforcement convergence mechanism to adaptively balance exploration and exploitation for efficient convergence. • Rigorous benchmarking against classical, high-performance, and state-of-the-art peers on IEEE CEC 2017/2022 test suites. • Demonstrated excellence in real-world engineering optimization tasks, underscoring KING's applicability and reliability.

KING: An efficient optimization approach

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