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Landscape-based assessment of trophic shift: integrating remote sensing for sustainable management of Lake Beyşehir
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DOI：10.1007/s13762-026-07323-w.png)
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Abstract
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Freshwater lakes are increasingly affected by anthropogenic pressures, leading to rapid changes in trophic status and water quality. This study investigates the spatial and temporal dynamics of trophic status and water quality in Lake Beyşehir, one of Türkiye’s largest freshwater lakes, between 2020 and 2025 using a multi-temporal remote sensing and landscape-based assessment approach. Chlorophyll-a (ensemble), Carlson Trophic Status Index, Secchi depth, and Total Suspended Solids were derived from Sentinel-2 imagery within the Google Earth Engine platform, and spatial–temporal changes were evaluated using class transitions and change matrix analyses. The results indicate that approximately 53–64% of the lake surface experienced changes in at least one water quality indicator, corresponding to nearly 46,000 ha. Secchi depth showed the greatest change (63.9%), indicating a substantial decline in water clarity. A clear shift from oligotrophic and mesotrophic conditions toward eutrophic and high-eutrophic states was observed, particularly along the northern and eastern shores, reflecting increasing nutrient enrichment and ecosystem pressure. These findings demonstrate that lake management strategies cannot be limited to the water body alone but must incorporate landscape-based and watershed-scale planning approaches to ensure sustainable water quality management.
Keywords:
Remote sensing
Trophic status
Water quality
Change detection
Landscape planning
Lake Beyşehir
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