LeCoder: A large-scale automated coder for coding errors in word-production tasks

Shanhua Hu

doi:10.3758/s13428-026-02948-8

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LeCoder: A large-scale automated coder for coding errors in word-production tasks

2026-02-17

DOI：10.3758/s13428-026-02948-8

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Abstract

En 中文

Speech errors have been instrumental in advancing our understanding of the architecture of the language production system, the nature of its representations, and its disorders. To be most informative, researchers usually need large amounts of data. Hand-coding such data can be both cumbersome and subjective. This paper presents LeCoder, the first open-source, automated error coder for English word and naming data, which uses a data-driven approach grounded in large-scale corpora to quantify the target–response relationship, allowing it to be flexible, scalable, and generalizable across new datasets. By testing the coder on two datasets from two aphasia labs that have been carefully coded by trained research assistants, we first establish that LeCoder has high accuracy when compared to expert coders, and in certain cases, offers a more logical categorization than human coders. We then show, using robust machine-learning approaches, that LeCoder’s performance generalizes to new participants and items it has never encountered before. Collectively, these findings encourage the use of LeCoder across labs for more objective coding of speech errors, which will, in turn, increase replicability of findings in all subfields of research that use speech error analysis, including neuropsychological research.

Keywords:

Speech errors

Automated coding

Semantic similarity

Phonological similarity

Aphasia

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