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Mass Production of Waste PVC-Mediated Bamboo-Derived Hard Carbon for Ultra-Long Life Sodium Storage
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DOI：10.1002/cey2.70285.png)
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Abstract
En 中文
The practical application of sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) hinges on high-performance hard carbon (HC) anodes. Biomass-derived carbons are low-cost yet commercially uncompetitive due to inferior performance. Herein, we report a scalable dual-functional strategy that hybridizes pre-carbonized bamboo grains with waste polyvinyl chloride (PVC) to construct a structurally optimized HC. This PVC-mediated approach moves beyond physical coatings of conventional pitch by enabling chemical reconstruction of the carbon architecture. During pyrolysis, vinyl radicals from PVC crosslink with fine bamboo-derived carbon species to form a low-defect, highly conductive soft surface carbon layer, while simultaneously elevating the concentration of carbon-centered radicals to promote closed-pore formation. This process ultimately yields a functional-partitioning HC featuring abundant internal closed pores and surface sp2-enriched graphitic domains, which endows the anode with exceptional high-rate long-cycle stability. The resulting HC achieves an initial Coulombic efficiency (ICE) of 90.3% and a reversible capacity of 378.5 mAh g−1. Notably, it retains 93% of its capacity after 8100 cycles at 1.5 A g−1, with a capacity decay of only 0.00086% per cycle. Importantly, kilogram-scale synthesis is achieved, with the material outperforming commercial HC electrochemically. This facile strategy offers insights into the rational design of ideal HC architectures.
Keywords:
biomass
hard carbon
long cycling stability
PVC coating
sodium-ion battery
structural optimization
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