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Measuring the residence time of feed mash in the conditioner
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DOI：10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2026.116751.png)
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Abstract
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The residence time of mash in the conditioner is essential for producing durable feed- and biomass pellets, since it determines the extent of moisture diffusion into mash particles. Nevertheless, it remains unknown how residence time can be measured, let alone manipulated in manufacturing plants where tracers cannot be directly inserted into the conditioner. We explored how large batches of mash containing tracers of differing properties (e.g. water-solubility, particle size) can be used to measure the residence time of mash in the conditioner, using a pilot scale pellet manufacturing plant. Furthermore, we evaluated the effect of the angle of the paddles (69.0 degrees and 70.7 degrees) of the rotating shaft on the residence time. Tracer concentration conformed to a double sigmoidal model (residual mean square error < 0.008), but short sampling intervals (< 20 s) are recommended to allow for a more accurate determination. The observed mean residence time was long in the present study (77 - 165 s), which we attribute to the low applied production rate (220 kg h(-1)), relative to the conditioner dimensions. Comparison with data from literature illustrates that the volumetric inflow rate of mash is potentially determinant for mean residence time in the conditioner (R-2 = 0.88; P < 0.001). Our results indicate that reducing the paddle angle from 70.7 degrees to 69.0 degrees tended to reduce mean residence time by 24 s (P = 0.055), possibly by increasing the forward thrust exerted on the mash by the paddles, thereby reducing the overall volume of mash present in the conditioner.
Keywords:
Steam conditioning
Residence time analysis
Tracers
Livestock feed
Biomass
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