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Mechanical properties and fracture behavior of fissured sandstone under coupled freeze–thaw cycles and multilevel cyclic shear loading
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DOI：10.1016/j.tafmec.2026.105857.png)
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Abstract
En 中文
Fissured engineering rock masses in cold regions are susceptible to coupled deterioration induced by repeated freeze–thaw cycles (FTCs) and shear disturbance, which threatens the long-term stability of rock engineering. In this study, sandstone specimens containing prefabricated fissures with varying fissure angles ( θ) were subjected to different FTCs, followed by tangential multilevel cyclic shear loading at a constant normal stress of 2 MPa. Acoustic emission (AE) and digital image correlation (DIC) techniques were employed to investigate the fracture damage behavior and failure characteristics. The results reveal that increasing FTCs progressively degraded the shear mechanical properties, with peak shear strength reductions ranging from 10.42% to 20.41%, while the extent of degradation decreased with increasing θ. Strain parameters increased nonlinearly with cyclic loading level, and specimens with θ=45°and90°exhibited a pronounced strain increase after fissure closure. AE ringing counts displayed clear stage-dependent evolution, increasing with cyclic loading level but decreasing with FTCs. In addition, the crack propagation process of the specimen showed a three-stage feature. The proportion of shear cracks increased with FTCs but decreased with increasing θ and the DIC observations indicated that FTCs and θ jointly govern the failure mode. A four-stage conceptual damage evolution model is proposed to elucidate the coupled damage mechanism associated with freeze–thaw-induced pre-damage, crack compaction, stable crack propagation, and accelerated crack coalescence.
Keywords:
Freeze–thaw cycle
Multilevel cyclic shear loading
Fissure angles
Fracture behavior
Damage mechanism
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