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Metabolites associated with the inclusion of atlantic GRO® seaweed supplementation as a methane mitigation strategy in the diet of replacement beef heifers
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DOI：10.3389/fmolb.2026.1866940.png)
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Abstract
En 中文
IntroductionDietary seaweed supplementation reduces enteric methane emissions in cattle; but the metabolic mechanisms remain unclear.MethodsThis study evaluated plasma metabolomic responses to Atlantic GRO® brown seaweed supplementation at 0.0%; 0.5%; 1.0%; 2.0% of diet dry matter; and replacement beef heifers were classified into low; moderate; and high methane emission groups. Plasma metabolites were analyzed using direct flow injection/liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (DFI/LC–MS/MS); and a total of 453 plasma metabolites were quantified.ResultsSignificant dose-dependent metabolic shifts were observed; particularly at the 1.0% and 2.0% supplementation levels (p < 0.05). Compared with the control; the 2.0% seaweed group showed alterations in valine; TG.18:0_38:6; asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA); C2 acylcarnitine; trimethylamine (TMA); and inosine (p < 0.05; AUC ≥ 0.75; VIP score >1; MDA > 0); mainly involving lipid and amino acid metabolism. Stronger effects occurred at higher inclusion levels (1.0% and 2.0%). Methane-emission groups also differed in metabolites associated with energy metabolism and microbial fermentation pathways; with urea and ethylmalonic acid (EMA) identified as potential biomarkers (p < 0.05; AUC ≥ 0.75; VIP score > 1; MDA > 0). Overall; 152 metabolites were significantly affected by the interaction between seaweed supplementation and methane-emission group (p < 0.05); indicating that the metabolic response depended on methane phenotype. Metabolite differences were greatest between moderate and high methane emitters; with interaction-related changes mainly involving triglycerides; phosphatidylcholines; and microbial compounds; reflecting changes in lipid metabolism; nitrogen homeostasis; and gut microbial activity. Pathway analysis revealed enrichment of arginine biosynthesis; purine metabolism; and branched-chain amino acid metabolism; particularly at higher supplementation levels.DiscussionOverall; Atlantic GRO® seaweed induced dose-dependent metabolic changes associated with methane reduction and supports the potential use of plasma metabolites as non-invasive biomarkers of enteric methane emissions in cattle.
Keywords:
metabolomics
plasma biomarkers
enteric methane emissions
DFI/LC–MS/MS
seaweed supplementation
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