Mode Vector Modulation: Extending Stokes Vector Modulation to Higher Dimensions

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doi:10.1109/JLT.2023.3333801

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Mode Vector Modulation: Extending Stokes Vector Modulation to Higher Dimensions

2024-03-15

Jarosław Kwapisz

I. Roudas *

Eric Fink

DOI：10.1109/JLT.2023.3333801

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Abstract

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We examine the scalability of Stokes vector modulation (SVM) to higher-dimensional Stokes spaces in order to decrease the energy consumption of optical links. We propose and study mode vector modulation (MVM), a new multidimensional SVM scheme for transmission over multimode/multicore optical fibers or free-space modes. MVM can be demodulated using a digital polarimetric direct-detection (DD) receiver that is an extension of the original single-mode Stokes vector receiver to multimode links. This paper focuses on the MVM transceiver architecture, the back-to-back performance of optically-preamplified DD MVM receivers, the optimized geometric shaping of the MVM constellation, and the related bit-to-symbol mapping. We show that MVM DD outperforms conventional single-mode, direct-detection-compliant, digital modulation formats by several dB in terms of receiver sensitivity and the SNR gain increases with the number of spatial degrees of freedom (SDOFs) N. At the conclusion of the study, we consider the potential application of MVM as a substitute for M-ary pulse amplitude modulation (M-PAM) or M-SVM in short-haul optical links and evaluate its benefits and drawbacks.

Keywords:

Modulation

Optical fibers

Support vector machines

Optical pulses

Optical polarization

Multicore processing

Optical receivers

Data center interconnects

polarization shift keying (PolSK)

Stokes vector modulation (SVM)

direct detection (DD)