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Multi-century cooling after net-zero greenhouse gas emissions
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DOI：10.1038/s41558-026-02700-2.png)
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Abstract
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Reaching net-zero CO2 emissions is expected to halt warming, yet whether temperatures remain stable in the centuries after net-zero is poorly constrained. Models exhibit diverse long-term responses to the cessation of CO2, including additional multi-century warming. Here we analytically predict this post-cessation temperature change, known as the zero emissions commitment (ZEC), from three climate metrics: the airborne fraction of cumulative CO2 emissions, transient climate response and equilibrium climate sensitivity. Constraining these metrics implies a near-zero multi-century ZEC from historical CO2 emissions. Net-zero GHG policies, however, differ from idealized CO2 cessation by targeting the aggregate effect of multiple GHGs and relying on CO2 removal to offset residual emissions. To capture these policy-relevant effects, we introduce the net-zero emissions commitment (Net-ZEC). Across scenarios and offsetting conventions, Net-ZEC implies a multi-century cooling of at least 0.6 °C following net-zero GHG emissions. How global temperatures change after net-zero emissions are reached is highly uncertain. Here the authors constrain this response and find that net-zero GHG emissions lead to multi-century cooling of at least 0.6 °C.
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