Multi-commodity vehicle routing problem with pickup and delivery for electric micro-mobility devices rebalancing and battery swapping

Esra Koca

doi:10.1016/j.cor.2025.107348

Multi-commodity vehicle routing problem with pickup and delivery for electric micro-mobility devices rebalancing and battery swapping

2025-12-02

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Esra Koca *

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Arghavan Sharafi

DOI：10.1016/j.cor.2025.107348

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• Offers the first systematic comparison of modeling approaches for the Electric Micro-Mobility Device Rebalancing and Swapping Problem. • Proposes four MIP formulations and compares their computational performance. • Develops an adaptive fix-and-optimize matheuristic for large-scale instances. • Achieves up to 50% distance reduction without higher depot resource needs. • Provides practical insights on when coordination yields the largest benefits.

Multi-commodity vehicle routing problem with pickup and delivery for electric micro-mobility devices rebalancing and battery swapping

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