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Nano-Bio Systems for Intra-Body Sensing, Actuation, and Communication in the Terahertz Band and Beyond
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DOI：10.1109/COMST.2026.3694302.png)
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Abstract
En 中文
The terahertz (THz) band and the optical frequency window are emerging as powerful enablers of next generation biomedical technologies, supporting high resolution sensing of biological processes, targeted intra-body actuation, and intra-body communication for coordinated functional operation. Although each modality has demonstrated significant promise individually, research efforts have largely progressed in isolation, limiting the exploration of their potential for integrated deployment. This comprehensive survey bridges these domains by presenting a unified analysis of THz and optical modalities for intra-body sensing, actuation, and communication. Building on this foundation, we articulate a vision for intra-body systems in which multiple functions are seamlessly coordinated at cellular and subcellular scales. Applications such as continuous health monitoring and closed loop therapeutic interventions illustrate the transformative potential of these integrated approaches. We outline a three-stage roadmap covering foundational modeling, in-vitro integration, and in-vivo translation, identifying critical open challenges including compact source generation, power delivery, biosensing miniaturization, and biocompatibility.
Keywords:
Terahertz band
optical frequency window
sensing
actuation
communication
intra-body
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