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Navigating turbid waters: Effects of turbulence and suspended particulate matter on ingestion and defecation of the calanoid copepod Acartia tonsa
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DOI：10.1002/lno.70450.png)
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Abstract
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The interactive effects of turbulence and suspended particulate matter (SPM) on copepod feeding and egestion remain poorly understood. We experimentally examined how turbulence (0, 10−3, and 100 cm2 s−3) and SPM (0 and 150 mg L−1; Diatomaceous Earth), alone and combined, affect ingestion, fecal pellet production, gut passage time, assimilation efficiency, and fecal pellet characteristics in the marine copepod Acartia tonsa. Copepods were fed either the diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii (also known as Conticribra weissflogii) or the dinoflagellate Akashiwo sanguinea, inducing suspension- and ambush feeding modes, respectively. In both feeding modes, SPM and high turbulence reduced ingestion by up to 50% and 25%, respectively. Low turbulence enhanced ambush feeding (up to 25%) but had no effect on suspension feeding. Combined effects of turbulence and SPM on ingestion rates were cumulative, with responses under combined treatments equaling the sum of effects observed under single-stressor conditions. Fecal pellet production (#pellets) generally scaled with ingestion; however, under SPM conditions it remained elevated despite reduced prey intake, indicating ingestion of non-nutritive SPM particles, resulting in a substantial reduction in fecal pellet carbon density and the production of slightly larger pellets. Feeding mode-specific differences were evident: during ambush feeding, fecal pellet carbon density increased, and SPM ingestion decreased with increasing prey concentration, whereas both remained constant with increasing prey concentration during suspension feeding. These results demonstrate that A. tonsa feeding strategy modulates the ingestion of SPM and mediates copepod responses to physical forcing, with implications for trophic transfer and particle flux under changing environmental conditions.
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